{"id":18920,"date":"2025-12-08T10:00:51","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T02:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nchasia.com\/vn-vn\/oil-parameters-in-lubrication-management-and-factors-affecting-their-changes\/"},"modified":"2025-12-08T10:00:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T02:00:51","slug":"oil-parameters-in-lubrication-management-and-factors-affecting-their-changes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nchasia.com\/vn-vn\/oil-parameters-in-lubrication-management-and-factors-affecting-their-changes\/","title":{"rendered":"Oil Parameters in Lubrication Management and Factors Affecting Their Changes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In industrial sites where a wide variety of machinery and heavy equipment operate, lubricants such as gear oil, hydraulic oil, and engine oil are indispensable. Each lubrication point requires an oil grade specifically suited to its unique operating conditions, including load, speed, and environment. Therefore, the first step in maximizing machine performance is selecting the right oil that matches the machine type and its operating conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, oil gradually deteriorates as the equipment operates. Even if the appropriate oil is used initially, it will lose its original properties over time. This makes timely oil replacement essential. But how exactly does oil degradation occur? And how can we determine the extent of that degradation?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At many sites, the timing of oil changes is determined by operating hours or mileage. Yet, by performing oil analysis, it is possible to determine a more accurate and appropriate timing for replacement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article series, divided into Part 1 and Part 2, we will explore in detail:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are the key oil parameters involved in lubrication?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why do oil properties change as machines operate?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What kinds of analytical methods are effective in assessing oil degradation?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We will answer these questions as thoroughly as possible to help you better understand lubrication management and the role of oil analysis in maintaining machine reliability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oil Parameters in Lubrication Management<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Viscosity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When selecting oil, the most important point of focus is undoubtedly viscosity. The viscosity grade, often referred to as the \u201coil number,\u201d indicates how thick or thin the oil is. For example, when we say \u201cNo.150 oil,\u201d it means the oil has an ISO viscosity grade of 150.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gear oils, hydraulic oils, and engine oils are all classified according to their viscosity. The machine\u2019s specification sheet typically lists the required viscosity grade for each lubrication point.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, what exactly happens when the viscosity grade differs? How does the viscosity of an oil affect its lubricating performance?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the term suggests, oil viscosity refers to the \u201cthickness\u201d or resistance to flow of an oil. The higher the viscosity number, the thicker and more viscous the oil; the lower the number, the thinner and more fluid it is.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viscosity is typically measured in centistokes (cSt), though square millimeters per second (mm\u00b2\/s) is also sometimes used. Strictly speaking, these values represent kinematic viscosity, not \u201cdynamic viscosity.\u201d However, in practical field use, the term \u201cviscosity\u201d is commonly used to describe both kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although there are two different units, they are equivalent \u2014 1 cSt = 1 mm\u00b2\/s \u2014 so they can be used interchangeably without issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also two standard viscosity grading systems: ISO viscosity grades and SAE viscosity grades.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ISO viscosity grades are primarily used for industrial oils, including gear oils and hydraulic oils.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ISO viscosity grade represents the oil\u2019s viscosity measured at 40\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, an ISO VG 150 oil means the oil has a viscosity of approximately 150 cSt at 40\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reason viscosity grades are defined \u201cat 40\u00b0C\u201d is that an oil\u2019s viscosity changes significantly with temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, an ISO VG 220 gear oil will have a viscosity of approximately 220 cSt at 40\u00b0C, but when measured at 100\u00b0C, its viscosity drops to around 20 cSt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since oil tends to lose viscosity rapidly as temperature increases, it is essential to specify not only the viscosity value but also the temperature at which the measurement was taken.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidentally, the fact that oil viscosity decreases as temperature rises is something we can easily observe in everyday life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, when cooking stir-fry, the vegetable oil you pour into a frying pan becomes thinner and flows more easily as the pan heats up, spreading smoothly across the surface. This happens because as the oil\u2019s temperature increases, its viscosity decreases \u2014 a simple, familiar demonstration of the same principle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To return to the main topic, the reason oil viscosity is so important can be summarized in one phrase: it\u2019s all about maintaining the balance between load-carrying capacity and viscous resistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally, high-viscosity (thicker) oils offer better film strength under heavy loads, ensuring that metal surfaces remain properly separated. However, such oils also create greater internal resistance during operation, which can lead to higher temperatures and increased energy consumption.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In high-speed equipment, this resistance becomes more pronounced, making the use of overly viscous oils risky. Therefore, as a general rule:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High-load, low-speed machinery uses high-viscosity oils,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while low-load, high-speed machinery requires low-viscosity oils.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suppose the oil\u2019s viscosity changes due to degradation. In that case, it can no longer maintain the proper lubricating film thickness, or it may cause excessive frictional heat\u2014both of which can lead to serious mechanical problems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Additives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3000While the main component of oils sold by various manufacturers is, of course, the base oil\u2014such as mineral oil or synthetic oil\u2014they also contain a variety of additives that enhance performance and protection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples of such additives include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives, which prevent seizure and wear when localized high pressure occurs;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viscosity Index Improvers, which help stabilize viscosity across temperature changes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emulsion Inhibitors, which prevent the formation of emulsions in oil-water mixtures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oils that contain a wide range and high concentration of additives tend to be more expensive, but they also deliver superior performance and protection, especially under demanding operating conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3000The challenging aspect of additives is that it\u2019s difficult for users to determine which additive components and in what quantities are necessary for optimal performance. To address this, oils are classified by performance grades that are defined separately from viscosity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, in diesel engine oils, grades such as CF-4 and CK-4 are used. Each grade indicates that the oil meets specific standards and performance requirements, including those related to the type and quality of additives used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this grading system, the series begins with CA, followed by CB, CC, CD, CE, CF-4, CI-4, CK-4, and so on. As the letter following \u201cC\u201d progresses through the alphabet, the performance criteria become more stringent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, if an engine specification calls for CF-4 oil, it is generally acceptable\u2014and often preferable\u2014to use any oil from CF-4 up to CK-4, since higher grades meet or exceed the requirements of the lower ones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As explained above, by checking the viscosity and grade markings, you can select the oil that best suits your machinery or equipment. However, just like passenger cars require regular oil changes, the performance of industrial oils also deteriorates over time as the equipment operates. So, how exactly does this degradation process occur? What mechanisms cause the oil\u2019s properties to change during use?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Why Do Oil Properties Change During Machine Operation?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>Shear-Induced Degradation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3000The term \u201cshear\u201d may sound unfamiliar, but it is actually one of the most common causes of oil degradation. The word \u201cshear\u201d refers to a force that acts when two parallel surfaces move in opposite directions, sliding against each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While this may sound technical, it\u2019s easier to understand if we imagine what happens between gears and oil. On a microscopic level, the tooth surfaces of two gears move in opposite directions as they rotate. The oil film, along with its additives, forms a thin layer between these surfaces and is continuously pulled in opposite directions by the motion of the gears.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When this shear stress is applied repeatedly, the molecular structure of the oil and its additives breaks down over time, resulting in a decrease in viscosity in most cases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In other words, shear degradation occurs as the oil film is stretched and torn by opposing mechanical forces during operation \u2014 a natural but critical process that affects the oil\u2019s ability to lubricate and protect machinery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Oil Oxidation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidation is a common issue that affects nearly all types of oils. It progresses through a chemical reaction between the oil\u2019s components and oxidizing substances such as oxygen. Under normal storage conditions, oxidation advances very slowly. Therefore, while it\u2019s not ideal, even if the lid of an oil pail is accidentally left open for several months in a warehouse, the oil will not usually become fully oxidized. In other words, oxidation during storage is minimal compared to the rate of oxidation that occurs when the oil is actually in operation under heat and pressure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem lies in the fact that chemical reactions are accelerated by heat. Generally, it is stated that for every 10\u00b0C increase in temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction doubles. For example, compared to oil at 80\u00b0C, oil at 90\u00b0C oxidizes twice as fast, at 100\u00b0C it oxidizes four times as fast, and at 110\u00b0C it oxidizes eight times as fast. Therefore, oils that operate at high temperatures are particularly susceptible to oxidation. When oil oxidizes, its viscosity changes, which affects its ability to form a proper lubricating film. As oxidation progresses further, varnish and sludge begin to form, which can lead to increased wear and damage to components within the equipment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incidentally, oil oxidation is a phenomenon we can easily observe in everyday life. For example, vegetable oil retains its light yellow color for quite some time after opening the bottle, but after being used for deep-frying, it turns brownish and its flavor changes. This happens because heating accelerates the oxidation of the oil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Emulsification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3000Although emulsification is not as common as oxidation, it can significantly alter the performance of lubricating oil. Emulsification is a phenomenon in which oil and water undergo a chemical reaction, making it increasingly difficult to separate the oil from the water. As this process advances, the oil takes on a milky, milkshake-like appearance. In closed systems such as hydraulic oils, emulsification rarely occurs. However, in outdoor equipment\u2014for example, gearboxes exposed to the environment\u2014it is quite a common issue. Like oxidation, emulsification is accelerated by heat, meaning that high ambient temperatures in summer, as well as heat and friction generated during operation, can greatly increase the rate of the reaction. When oil becomes emulsified, not only does its viscosity change, but it also loses its ability to separate from water, leading to direct contact between water and gear surfaces. This greatly increases the risk of corrosion, making emulsification a deceptively serious problem that should not be underestimated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Additive Depletion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As mentioned earlier, various additives are blended into oils to enhance their performance, but some of these additives are gradually consumed as the machinery operates. For example, organic molybdenum, a commonly used extreme-pressure (EP) additive, functions by undergoing a chemical reaction triggered by the localized heat generated under high pressure. Through this reaction, the organic molybdenum compound transforms into another substance, resulting in a decrease in its concentration in the oil over time as the equipment continues to operate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, engine oils contain alkaline additives designed to neutralize acids produced during fuel combustion. These alkaline components are also gradually depleted during operation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike oxidation or emulsification, which can sometimes be detected through changes in odor or appearance, the extent of additive depletion cannot be perceived by human senses. Therefore, even if the oil shows no noticeable visual change at the time of replacement, its performance may have already declined due to the loss of active additives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Contamination<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3000Unlike the previously discussed issues, contamination by foreign substances does not technically constitute a deterioration of the oil itself; however, it remains a critical factor in lubrication management and must be addressed. Contamination can generally be divided into two main categories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first case involves contaminants entering the lubrication system from outside sources. In older equipment, corrosion or seal deterioration may allow dust, sand, or dirt to enter from the external environment. Even in newer equipment, such contaminants can be introduced during oil changes or maintenance procedures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These foreign particles are typically more complex than metal surfaces, so when they become trapped between gear teeth, they can cause significant damage to the metal components, leading to abrasion, pitting, or surface wear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second case involves contaminants generated within the lubrication system itself. This typically occurs when metal wear particles are produced under extreme pressure conditions, or when carbon residues form as a result of oil oxidation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This issue can arise even in new equipment and despite careful oil replacement practices, making it a particularly troublesome problem. Moreover, it is often accelerated by other degradation processes such as oxidation and emulsification, which further contribute to internal contamination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the contaminants generated within the lubrication system, particles larger than approximately 4 micrometers (\u00b5m) are considered harmful to lubrication performance. For reference, the average thickness of a human hair is about 80 \u00b5m, which helps illustrate how extremely small \u2014 and nearly invisible \u2014 these harmful particles are.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that even if the oil drained from a machine during an oil change appears clear and clean to the naked eye, it may still contain a large amount of microscopic contaminants capable of causing wear and reducing the effectiveness of lubrication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we introduced the key oil parameters involved in lubrication management and discussed in detail the various problems that can occur in oils as machinery operates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the next article, we will explain how oil analysis can be used to detect, manage, and ultimately resolve these issues, helping ensure optimal equipment performance and reliability.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In industrial sites where a wide variety of machinery and heavy equipment operate, lubricants such as gear oil, hydraulic oil, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18921,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757,774],"tags":[703,767,714],"class_list":["post-18920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-2","category-lubricants-3","tag-articles","tag-grease","tag-lubricants","article_type-articles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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